Royal assent is the final step required for a parliamentary bill to become law. Once a bill is presented to the sovereign or the sovereign's representative, he or she has the following formal options:
- the sovereign may grant royal assent, thereby making the bill an Act of Parliament.
- the sovereign may delay the bill's assent through the use of his or her reserve powers, thereby vetoing the bill.[2]
- the sovereign may refuse royal assent on the advice of his or her ministers.[3]
The last bill that was refused assent by the sovereign (on the advice of ministers) was the Scottish Militia Bill during Queen Anne's reign in 1708.[4]
Under modern constitutional conventions, the sovereign generally acts on, and in accordance with, the advice of his or her ministers.
[5] However, there is some disagreement among scholars as to whether the monarch should withhold royal assent to a bill if advised to do so by her ministers.
[6] Since these ministers most often enjoy the support of parliament and obtain the passage of bills, it is improbable that they would advise the sovereign to withhold assent. Hence, in modern practice, the issue has never arisen, and royal assent has not been withheld.
[7]
The sovereign is generally believed not to legally have the power to withhold assent from a bill
against the advice of ministers.
[8][9]